Revista Peruana de Medicina Integrativa

Toxicological, phytochemical, and antibacterial assessment of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis poder in albino rats. a preliminary study

Toxicological, phytochemical, and antibacterial assessment of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis poder in albino rats. a preliminary study

Kenneth Yongabi Anchang

Phytobiotechnology Research Foundation Institute, Catholic University of Cameroon, Bamenda, Cameroon.

David Lewis

School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia

Christopher Nji

District Medical Centre, Mbengwi, Momo Division, Cameroon.

---

Resumen

Objetivo. Describir la toxicidad aguda, efecto antibacteriano y análisis fitoquímico de los polvos de Chlorella vulgaris y Spirulina platensis. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron las pruebas de FeCl3, Keller Killiani, de saponinas, solución alcalina y de concentración de ácido sulfúrico para el análisis fitoquímico. El efecto antibacteriano de los extractos fue evaluado mediante el método de difusión con discos en cepas de E. coli, S. aureus y B. cereus. Para evaluar la toxicidad aguda y los efectos del polvo en parámetros hematológicos y bioquímicos, se agruparin 15 ratas albinas en cinco grupos: I (polvo de extracto acuoso de Chlorella vulgaris); II (polvo de extracto metanólico de Chlorella vulgaris); III (polvo de extracto acuoso de Spirulina platensis); IV (polvo de extracto metanólico de Spirulina platensis), y V (grupo control). La dosis usada fue de 25 g/día/rata. Después de seis días, se evaluaron todos los parámetros y cambios macroscópicos en los órganos. Resultados. Se encontraron alcaloides y flavonoides en los extractos metanólicos de Chlorella vulgaris y Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira). Se detectaron glucósidos cardiacos y esteroides en los extractos de Spirulina platensis. Los extractos de Chlorella vulgaris inhibieron el crecimiento de Bacillus cereus. Las ratas alimentadas con los polvos de Chlorella vulgaris y Spirulina platensisincrementaron el conteo de leucocitos y los valores de hemoglobina comparados con el grupo control (p<0,001). Las transaminasas (SGOT y SGPT) se encontraron en valores normales, pero con diferencias significativas entre los grupos (p<0,001). Conclusiones. Estos polvos son ricos en componentes fitoquímicos activos, pero solo los extractos de Chorella vulgaris mostraron efecto antibacteriano. No se encontraron signos de toxicidad aguda en ningún parámetro.

---

Referencias

Mayer AMS, Hamann MT. Marine pharmacology in 1999: compounds with antibacterial, anticoagulant, antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antiprotozoal and antiviral activities affecting the cardiovascular, endocrine, immune and nervous systems, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action. Comp Biochem Physiol Toxicol Pharmacol CBP. 2002;132(3):315–39.

Vonshak A. Spirulina platensis Arthrospira: Physiology, Cell-Biology And Biotechnology. London: CRC Press; 1997. 264 p.

Patterson GML, Baldwin CL, Bolis CM, Caplan FR, Karuso H, Larsen LK, et al. Antineoplastic Activity of Cultured Blue-Green Algae (cyanophyta). J Phycol. 1991;27(4):530–6.

Romay C, Armesto J, Remirez D, González R, Ledon N, García I. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of C-phycocyanin from blue-green algae. Inflamm Res Off J Eur Histamine Res Soc Al. 1998;47(1):36–41.

Santoyo S, Herrero M, Señorans FJ, Cifuentes A, Ibáñez E, Jaime L. Functional characterization of pressurized liquid extracts of Spirulina platensis. Eur Food Res Technol. 2006;224(1):75–81.

Singh S, Kate BN, Banerjee UC. Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and microalgae: an overview. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2005;25(3):73–95.

Yang HN, Lee EH, Kim HM. Spirulina platensis inhibits anaphylactic reaction. Life Sci. 1997;61(13):1237–44.

Kumar A, Ilavarasan R, Jayachandran T, Decaraman M, Aravindhan P, Padmanabhan N, et al. Phytochemicals Investigation on a Tropical Plant, Syzygium cumini from Kattuppalayam, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, South India. Pak J Nutr. 2009;8(1):83–5.

Harborne AJ. Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. London: Springer Science & Business Media; 1998. 330 p.

Evans WC, Trease GE. Trease and Evans’ Pharmacognosy. Nottingham: Baillière Tindall; 1989. 832 p.

Collins CH, Lyne PM, Grange JM. Collins and Lyne’s microbiological methods. London: Butterworths; 1989. 424 p.

Stotz EH. Pyrrole Pigments, Isoprenoid Compounds and Phenolic Plant Constituents: Comprehensive Biochemistry, Vol. 9. Florkin M, editor. New York: Elsevier; 1963. 284 p.

Ka Y. A Preliminary Assessment of Cucurbita Maxima Leaves from Cameroon on Haematological Parameters in Albino Rats. J Mol Pharm Org Process Res [Internet]. 2014 [citado el 21 de septiembre de 2016];2(3). Disponible en: http://esciencecentral.org/journals/a-preliminary-assessment-of-cucurbita-maxima-leaves-from-cameroon-on-haematological-parameters-in-albino-rats-2329-9053.1000117.php?aid=32941

Mala R, Sarojini M, Saravanababu S, Umadevi G. Screening for antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of Spirulina platensis. J Cell Tissue Res. 2009;9(3):1951–5.

Argal A, Pathak AK. CNS activity of Calotropis gigantea roots. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;106(1):142–5.

Lacaille-Dubois MA, Wagner H. A review of the biological and pharmacological activities of saponins. Phytomedicine Int J Phytother Phytopharm. 1996;2(4):363–86.

Milgate J, Roberts DCK. The nutritional & biological significance of saponins. Nutr Res. 1995;15(8):1223–49.

Rupasinghe HPV, Jackson C-JC, Poysa V, Di Berardo C, Bewley JD, Jenkinson J. Soyasapogenol A and B distribution in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in relation to seed physiology, genetic variability, and growing location. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51(20):5888–94.

Sayyah M, Hadidi N, Kamalinejad M. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Lactuca sativa seed extract in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;92(2–3):325–9.

Martín RS, Briones R. Industrial uses and sustainable supply of Quillaja saponaria (Rosaceae) saponins. Econ Bot. 1999;53(3):302–11.

Nakaya N, Homma Y, Goto Y. Cholesterol lowering effect of spirulina. Nutr Rep Int. 1988;37(6):1329–37.

Simsek N, Karadeniz A, Karaca T. Effects of the Spirulina platensis and Panax ginseng oral supplementation on peripheral blood cells in rats. Rev Médecine Vét. 2007;158(10):483–8.

Simsek N, Karadeniz A, Kalkan Y, Keles ON, Unal B. Spirulina platensis feeding inhibited the anemia- and leucopenia-induced lead and cadmium in rats. J Hazard Mater. el 30 de mayo de 2009;164(2–3):1304–9.

Adedapo AD, Osude Y, Adedapo AA, Olanrewaju J, Adeagbo A, Olajide O, et al. Blood Pressure Lowering Effect of Adenanthera pavonina Seed Extract on Normotensive Rats. Rec Nat Prod. 2009;3(2):82–9.

Mackie TJ, Duguid JP, McCartney JE, Marmion BP, Swain RHA, Collee JG. Mackie & McCartney Medical Microbiology: A Guide to the Laboratory Diagnosis and Control of Infection. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1978. 944 p.

Haslam E. Natural polyphenols (vegetable tannins) as drugs: possible modes of action. J Nat Prod. 1996;59(2):205–15.

Wu L, Ho JA, Shieh M-C, Lu I-W. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of Spirulina and Chlorella water extracts. J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53(10):4207–12.

Lerner LJ, Bianchi A, Turkheimer AR, Singer FM, Borman A. Anti-inflamatory steroids: potency, duration and modification of activities. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1964;116:1071–7.

DuRant RH, Escobedo LG, Heath GW. Anabolic-steroid use, strength training, and multiple drug use among adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics. 1995;96(1 Pt 1):23–8.

Martinez Nadal NG. Sterols of Spirulina maxima. Phytochemistry. 1971;10(10):2537–8.

Al-Meshal IA, Tariq M, Parmar NS, Ageel AM. Anti-inflammatory activity of the flavonoid fraction of khat (Catha edulis Forsk). Agents Actions. enero de 1986;17(3–4):379–80.

Wang HK, Xia Y, Yang ZY, Natschke SL, Lee KH. Recent advances in the discovery and development of flavonoids and their analogues as antitumor and anti-HIV agents. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;439:191–225.

Silalahi J. Anticancer and health protective properties of citrus fruit components. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):79–84.